Molecular and Cellular endocrinology is the field of study that majorly focuses on all aspects related to the biochemical and genetic effects, secretions and synthesis of extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) and to the understanding of cellular regulatory mechanisms involved in hormonal control.

Cellular Endocrinology deals with all the related aspects of biochemical mechanisms, synthesis and production of extracellular signal transductions, and the other mechanism in the hormonal control. This study also includes hormone regulated gene expression, structures and physiochemical properties of hormones, generation, action and role of intracellular signals such as cyclic nucleotides and calcium etc.

Endocrine cancer is cancer that begins in any of the endocrine glands. The most common type of endocrine cancer is thyroid cancer, which begins in the thyroid gland. Endocrine cancer is a complex disease which is not defined by defined by location or stage. Cancer in each patient is different, behaving differently in the bodies

There are also some types of pancreatic cancers that are classified as endocrine tumours. Some tumours that grow in an endocrine gland are not cancerous (benign). For example, most pituitary tumours are benign. However, benign tumours are often treated in the same way as cancerous tumours are treated.

Paediatric endocrinology deals with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations in sexual development, physical growth, diabetes in childhood. It includes patients from infancy to late adolescence and young adulthood.

The most common disease of the specialty is type 1 diabetes, which accounts for at least 50% of clinical practice. The next problem is growth disorders, especially those which involve growth hormone treatment. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders. The specialty also deals with hypoglycemia and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary problems. Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism.

Obesity is a complex disorder to address which involves an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is caused by many behaviors which may include dietary patterns, physical activity, inactivity, medication use, and other exposures. It results due to a combination of contributing and causing factors, which includes individual factors such as behaviour, genetics and less physical activity. It is associated with many metabolic disorders and can increase of diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure

Diabetic Retinopathy is a complication of diabetes which consists of group of eye problems. People with diabetes have a risk for diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataract. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease caused by diabetes and id the leading cause of blindness. It is caused in retina when change in blood vessels occurs. It can develop in anyone having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The less controlled your blood sugar is and longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to develop diabetic retinopathy

In few people having diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels can swell and leak fluid. In other people, abnormal new blood vessels may grow on the surface of the retina. A healthy retina is needed for good vision. A change in the vision is first noticed if you have diabetic retinopathy. But over time, it can get worse and can cause vision loss. Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both the eyes.

The symptoms can include:

• Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)

• Blurred vision

• Fluctuating vision

• Impaired color vision

• Dark or empty areas in your vision

• Vision loss

Gestational diabetes is developed during pregnancy (gestation). Like other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes affects the usage of glucose by cells. High blood sugar can be caused by gestational diabetes and this can affect the pregnancy and the health of baby. Gestational diabetes can be controlled by women by eating healthy foods, exercising and taking medication if necessary. Controlling blood sugar can prevent a difficult birth and can keep both the mother and baby healthy. In gestational diabetes, blood sugar returns to normal soon after delivery. But a person having gestational diabetes can have a risk for type 2 diabetes.

Insulin resistance contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes. It is a hallmark of obesity, metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases. Direct and indirect methods of varying complexity are currently employed for these purposes. Endocrine disorders involve the body’s over production or under production of certain hormones while the metabolic disorders affect the body’s ability to process certain nutrients and vitamins. Endocrine disorders include several diseases like hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diseases of the parathyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the adrenal glands (including Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease), and ovarian dysfunction among others. Examples of metabolic disorders include cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), hyperlipidemia, gout, and rickets.

Diabetes is classified as type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus bases on etiology. The diagnosis is based on the measurement of A1C level, fasting or random blood glucose level, or oral glucose tolerance testing. Diabetes can be diagnosed if the patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg per dL (7.0 mmol per L) or greater on two separate occasions. The diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes include Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, Random blood sugar test, Fasting blood sugar test, Oral glucose tolerance test.

Diagnosis should be followed with treatment which includes healthy eating, regular exercise, diabetes medication or insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring.

Endocrinology is a branch of biology which deals with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with proliferation, growth, differentiation, behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones.

Diabetes is described as a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

Reproductive endocrinology is a branch of medicine that identifies and treats infertility in both men and women. It is a sub-specialty of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The hormonal functioning as it indirectly relate to reproduction. Evaluation and treatment of hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility is done. Reproductive endocrinologists have special training in obstetrics and gynaecology before they undergo sub-specialty training in Reproductive endocrinology and infertility.